questions and answers 64

1.Describe how the changing Pleistocene climate and glaciations affected the migration routes in Africa and Eurasia

2.The text suggests that the earliest premodern humans maintained several H. erectus characteristics as well as more derived attributes during the earliest Middle Pleistocene.

Part (A) List the characteristics that the premodern group holds in common with H. erectus.

Part (B) List the characteristics that the premoderns hold in common with more modern forms (i.e. H. sapiens).

3.This question concerns the Broken Hill fossils. List the morphological traits most closely associated with H. erectus.

4.List those traits of the Broken Hill fossils that are essentially modern.

5.The name of the significant fossil find at Broken Hill is . Spelling and proper capitalization counts!

6.Identify Bodo’s geological age and the country in which it was found.

7.Describe the peculiar cut marks found on Bodo and associated conclusions.

8.Describe the technological diversity seen during the Middle Pleistocene.

9. Compare the characteristics of these tool industries: Oldowan, Acheulian, Levallois, and Mousterian. Note, in addition to Chapter 12, be sure to consult the textbook index under each industry and under the term “Tools”.

10.The Oldowan, Acheulian and Mousterian industries took place during the [x] epoch. Spelling counts! ———————

11.Using Figure 12-11, identify the Pleistocene subdivision in which each of the following industries occurred: Oldowan, Acheulian, and Mousterian.

12. Briefly describe the following features:

Part (A) the classic Neanderthal cranial features,

Part (B) Neanderthal facial features, and

Part (C) postcranial Neanderthal morphology.

13. Review the Neandertal discovery at La Chapelle-aux-Saints in southwestern France.

Part (A) Briefly describe the fossil as well as related context and association. (Context = describe location and position of skeleton. Association = items found around the skeleton.)

Part (B) Explain how Neandertal became popularized as a brutish, bent-kneed primitive ape-like creature.

14. Review the fossils found at the site known as Shanidar Cave.

Part (A) Describe the fossil individuals found by the field workers at the site.

Part (B) Describe the context and interesting features of the fossils.

Part (C) explain the possible cultural significance of this fossil specimen.

15. Describe the culture of the Neanderthals.

Part (A) Technology- explain their particular improvement of the Levalois technique and possible diversification of traditional methods regarding the specialization of tools.

Part (B) Subsistence – what can be conjectured from Neanderthal sites regarding food-getting and clothing?

Part (C) Speech and Symbolism – explain the recent discovery of a hyoid bone (Kebara remains, Mt. Carmel) and its significance regarding the speaking abilities of Neanderthals.

16. Discuss the evidence for Neandertal burial.

17. What are some of the surprising results of 2010 sequencing of the entire nuclear genome of Neandertals?

18. The best hypothesis for the genetic pattern discussed in the previous question is that shortly after modern H. sapiens left Africa, a few of them interbred with Neandertals after these people and their descendants dispersed to other areas of the world.

19.Review the phylogenies of the genus Homo in Figure 12-24 and related text material.

Part (A) Explain the interpretation of the Middle/Upper Pleistocene hominins indicated in Figure 12-24(a).

20. Part (B) Explain the interpretation of these hominids suggested in Figure 12-24(b).

12. Part (C) Determine which of these phylogenies exhibits “lumping” and which illustrates a “splitting” view of Homo evolution.